Liquid crystal on silicon-based real time phase stepping interferometry by spatial multiplexing.

In this paper, we present a method to perform phase-shifting interferometry in real time. The technique is based on the use of a parallel aligned liquid crystal on a silicon display as a customized reference mirror. In order to implement the four-step algorithm, a set of macropixels is programmed onto the display, and these are divided into four zones with the appropriate phase shifts. This way, by spatial multiplexing, it is possible to obtain the phase of the wavefront at a rate limited only by the integration time of the employed detector. The customized mirror is able to both compensate the initial curvature of the object under study and introduce the necessary phase shifts to perform phase calculation. Examples of the phase reconstruction of static and dynamic objects are shown.

Producing transformations to study them: concept development in activity clinics / Produzir transformações para estudá-las: desenvolvimento de conceitos na clínica de atividade / Producir transformaciones para estudiarlas: Desarrollo de Conceptos en la Clínica de Actividad

Concepts are at the core of human psychological experience. By means of them, we can communicate, understand and collaborate with each other. Within each community, concepts have been learned and can be taught. They are of capital importance for education in every level and for work activities. Concepts have been the object of study of different disciplines and in different contexts for many years. Despite their importance and the attention they have received, both common sense and psychological science understand concepts in an oversimplified way that has consequences for research and teaching. Early in the past century, Vygotsky studied the phenomena of concepts and their development in what ended up addressing most of the loose ends that remain in current dominant psychological and educational perspectives. In this article, we review the main, hegemonic perspectives on concepts in psychology, particularly one of the mayor research fields in educational psychology (Research on Conceptual Change), to present later some crosscutting criticisms to those approaches that will become our touchstone for a sound theory of concepts. Then we present the Vygotskian approach to concept development, and the methodological implications derived from the dialectical framework in which it is inscribed. Finally, extending the Vygotskian approach beyond child development, we present a method developed in French work psychology, the Activity Clinics approach, and its potential for studying the development of concepts in work activities. (AU)

Os conceitos estão no coração da experiência psicológica humana. Graças a eles, podemos nos comunicar, entender e colaborar uns com os outros. Dentro de cada comunidade, os conceitos têm sido aprendidos e podem ser ensinados. Eles são de fundamental importância para a educação em todos os níveis e para as atividades de trabalho. Os conceitos têm sido objeto de estudo em diferentes disciplinas e em diferentes contextos durante anos. Apesar de sua importância e da atenção que receberam, tanto o senso comum quanto a ciência psicológica compreendem conceitos de uma forma muito simplificada que tem consequências para a pesquisa e o ensino. No início do século passado, Vygotsky estudou os conceitos e seu desenvolvimento naquilo que acabaria por abordar a maioria das pontas soltas que permanecem nas perspectivas psicológicas e educacionais dominantes de hoje. Neste artigo, revisamos as principais perspectivas psicológicas sobre conceitos, em particular um dos principais campos de pesquisa em psicologia educacional que tem tratado do fenômeno (Pesquisa sobre Mudança Conceitual), e depois apresentamos algumas críticas transversais daquelas abordagens que se tornarão nossa "pedra de toque" para uma sólida teoria de conceitos. Apresentamos então a abordagem de Vygotsky para o desenvolvimento de conceitos e as implicações metodológicas derivadas da estrutura dialética na qual ela está inserida. Finalmente, estendendo a abordagem de Vygotsky para além do desenvolvimento infantil, apresentamos um método desenvolvido em psicologia do trabalho francês, a Clínica de Atividade, e seu potencial para estudar o desenvolvimento do conceito em atividades de trabalho. (AU)

Los conceptos están al centro de la experiencia psicológica humana. Gracias a ellos, podemos comunicarnos, comprendernos y colaborar entre nosotros. Dentro de cada comunidad, los conceptos se han aprendido y se pueden enseñar. Son de fundamental importancia para la educación en todos los niveles y para las actividades del trabajo. Los conceptos han sido objeto de estudio de diferentes disciplinas y en diferentes contextos durante años. A pesar de su importancia y de la atención que han recibido, tanto el sentido común como la ciencia psicológica entienden los conceptos de una manera Sobre simplificada que tiene consecuencias para la investigación y la enseñanza. A principios del siglo pasado, Vygotsky estudió los conceptos y su desarrollo en lo que acabaría ocupándose de la mayoría de los cabos sueltos que quedan en las perspectivas psicológicas y educativas actualmente dominantes. En este artículo, revisamos las principales perspectivas psicológicas sobre los conceptos, en particular uno de los principales campos de investigación en psicología educacional que se ha ocupado del fenómeno (Investigación en Cambio Conceptual), para presentar enseguida algunas críticas transversales a esos enfoques que se convertirán en nuestra "piedra de toque" para una sólida teoría de los conceptos. Luego presentamos el enfoque Vygotskiano del desarrollo de conceptos, y las implicaciones metodológicas derivadas del marco dialéctico en el que se inscribe. Finalmente, ampliando el enfoque Vygotskiano más allá del desarrollo infantil, presentamos un método desarrollado en la psicología del trabajo francesa, la Clínica de la Actividad, y su potencial para estudiar el desarrollo de los conceptos en las actividades del trabajo. (AU)

Multiple quasi-perfect vector vortex beams with arbitrary 3D position on focus.

We show a method for creating multiple independent quasi-perfect vector vortex beams with real-time programmable radii, topological charges, polarization orders, and position in three dimensions using a device based on a phase-only liquid-crystal-on-silicon display. We achieved the simultaneous generation of up to seven independent beams, with topological charges from -3 to 3, and found great agreement between the simulated and the measured phases and polarization structures. Additionally, we used the same scheme for enhancing the depth of focus of a single beam, resulting in a "tube" beam that preserves its properties during propagation.

Postural Changes During Exteroceptive Thin Plantar Stimulation: The Effect of Prolonged Use and Different Plantar Localizations.

Somatosensory information arising from the foot has an important role in posture as well as visual and vestibular cues. Our hypothesis is that the effects of prolonged stimulation are greater than those of short stimulation and that varying the plantar location can affect postural control. Forty healthy participants were recruited and randomly assigned to four different plantar location groups: Lateral Insert (LI), Medial Insert (MI), Disharmonious Insert (DI), and Central Insert (CI). An instrumental assessment was performed before the plantar stimulation (T0), immediately after the positioning of the inserts (T1), and after 7 days of daily stimulation (T7). A follow-up was performed 15 days after (T15). The following stabilometric parameters were considered for both open eyes (OE) and closed eyes (CE) conditions: length of the sway (L) of the Center of Pressure (CoP); CoP maximum movements in the medio-lateral (X), and antero-posterior directions (Y). Comparing the effects of different plantar insert locations, the MI and CI groups were significantly different in the follow-up measures at T15, specifically for closed eyes measures. When we compared measures across time within each location group, CI group increased measures of X and Y data at T7 compared to other assessment times (T0, T1, and T15). In both MI and LI groups, L was significantly reduced, and X significantly increased at the T7 assessment compared to the T0, T1, and T15 assessments. The prolonged use of exteroceptive plantar stimulation and the location of plantar inserts may have a role to reshape postural control.

Spanish validation of the Exercise Therapy Burden Questionnaire (ETBQ) for the assessment of barriers associated to doing physical therapy for the treatment of chronic illness / Validación en español del cuestionario «Exercise Therapy Burden Questionnaire» para la evaluación de las barreras asociadas a la práctica de ejercicio físico para el tratamiento de enfermedades crónicas

Background and objetive: To validate the Spanish version of the Exercise Therapy Burden Questionnaire (ETBQ) for the assessment of barriers associated to doing physical therapy for the treatment of chronic ailments. Patientes and methods: A sample of 177 patients, 55.93% men and 44.07% women, with an average age of 51.03±14.91 was recruited. The reliability of the questionnaire was tested with Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and the validity of the instrument was assessed through the divergent validation process and factor analysis. Results: The factor analysis was different to the original questionnaire, composed of a dimension, in this case determined three dimensions: (1) General limitations for doing physical exercise. (2) Physical limitations for doing physical exercise. (3) Limitations caused by the patients’ predisposition to their exercises. The reliability of the test-retest was measured through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Bland-Altman plot. Cronbach's alpha was 0.8715 for the total ETBQ. The ICC of the test-retest was 0.745 and the Bland-Altman plot showed no systematic trend. Conclusion: We have obtained the translated version in Spanish of the ETBQ questionnaire

Antecedentes y objetivo: Validar la versión en español del cuestionario «Exercise Therapy Burden Questionnaire» (ETBQ) para la evaluación de las barreras asociadas a la realización de terapia física para el tratamiento de enfermedades crónicas. Pacientes y métodos: Se reunió una muestra de 177 pacientes, con un 55,93% de varones y un 44,07% de mujeres, y una edad media de 51,03±14,91. Se probó la fiabilidad del cuestionario mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, y se evaluó la validez del instrumento a través del proceso de validación divergente y el análisis factorial. Resultados: El análisis factorial fue diferente al del cuestionario original, que se componía de una dimensión, y en este caso determinaba 3 dimensiones: 1) Limitaciones generales a la práctica de ejercicio físico; 2) Limitaciones físicas para la realización de ejercicio físico, y 3) Limitaciones causadas por la predisposición de los pacientes a la práctica de ejercicio. La fiabilidad de la prueba-reprueba se midió mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (ICC) y la gráfica de Bland-Altman. El valor alfa de Cronbach fue de 0,8715 para ETBQ total. El ICC para la prueba-reprueba fue de 0,745, y la gráfica de Bland-Altman no reflejó ninguna tendencia sistemática. Conclusión: Hemos obtenido la versión traducida al español del cuestionario ETBQ

Spanish validation of the Exercise Therapy Burden Questionnaire (ETBQ) for the assessment of barriers associated to doing physical therapy for the treatment of chronic illness.

BACKGROUND AND OBJETIVE: To validate the Spanish version of the Exercise Therapy Burden Questionnaire (ETBQ) for the assessment of barriers associated to doing physical therapy for the treatment of chronic ailments. PATIENTES AND METHODS: A sample of 177 patients, 55.93% men and 44.07% women, with an average age of 51.03±14.91 was recruited. The reliability of the questionnaire was tested with Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and the validity of the instrument was assessed through the divergent validation process and factor analysis. RESULTS: The factor analysis was different to the original questionnaire, composed of a dimension, in this case determined three dimensions: (1) General limitations for doing physical exercise. (2) Physical limitations for doing physical exercise. (3) Limitations caused by the patients' predisposition to their exercises. The reliability of the test-retest was measured through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Bland-Altman plot. Cronbach's alpha was 0.8715 for the total ETBQ. The ICC of the test-retest was 0.745 and the Bland-Altman plot showed no systematic trend. CONCLUSION: We have obtained the translated version in Spanish of the ETBQ questionnaire.

Características basales y manejo clínico de los primeros 3.000 pacientes incluidos en el estudio IBERICAN (Identificación de la población española de riesgo cardiovascular y renal) / Baseline characteristics and clinical management of the first 3.000 patients enrolled in the IBERICAN study (Identification of the Spanish population at cardiovascular and renal risk)

Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia y la incidencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en España, así como de los eventos cardiovasculares, en población adulta española asistida en atención primaria. Metodología. IBERICAN es un estudio longitudinal, observacional y multicéntrico en el que se están incluyendo pacientes de 18 a 85años atendidos en las consultas de atención primaria en España. La cohorte obtenida se seguirá anualmente durante al menos 5años. La muestra final estimada es de 7.000 pacientes. Se presentan las características basales del segundo corte (n=3.042). Resultados. La edad media de los sujetos incluidos es de 57,9±14,6años, y el 55,5% son mujeres. El 54,9% viven en un hábitat urbano, y el 57,3% tienen estudios primarios. El 50,3% tienen dislipidemia, el 47,4% hipertensión arterial, el 29,7% sedentarismo, el 28,2% obesidad abdominal y el 19% diabetes mellitus. El grado de control de hipertensión arterial, dislipidemia y diabetes mellitus tipo2 fue del 58,5, del 25,8 y del 75,9%, respectivamente. El 28,2% cumplen criterios de síndrome metabólico. El 15,6% de los pacientes presentaban una enfermedad cardiovascular previa. El 7,8% tienen antecedentes de cardiopatía isquémica, el 8,4% de filtrado glomerular (CKD-EPI) <60ml/min, el 9,6% de microalbuminuria, el 5,5% de fibrilación auricular, el 4,6% de ictus y el 2,9% de insuficiencia cardiaca. Conclusiones. A pesar de que la población atendida en atención primaria es relativamente joven, la elevada prevalencia de factores de riesgo, su mal control y la existencia de patología cardiovascular previa condicionarán el impacto en el pronóstico de la cohorte (AU)

Objectives. To determine the prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular risk factors in Spain, as well as cardiovascular events, in Spanish adult population attended in primary care. Methodology. IBERICAN is a longitudinal, observational, multicenter study in which patients aged 18 to 85years attended in primary care health center in Spain are being included. The obtained cohort will be followed annually for at least 5years. The estimated final sample is 7,000 patients. The baseline characteristics of the second cut (n=3,042) are presented. Results. The mean age of the subjects included is 57.9±14.6 years, and 55.5% are women. 54.9% live in urban habitat, and 57.3% have primary education. 50.3% had dyslipidemia, 47.4% hypertension, 29.7% physical inactivity, 28.2% abdominal obesity and 19% diabetes mellitus. The degree of control of hypertension, dyslipidemia and type2 diabetes was 58.5%, 25.8% and 75.9%. 28.2% have criteria for metabolic syndrome. 15.6% of patients had previous cardiovascular disease. 7.8% have a history of coronary heart disease, a glomerular filtration rate <60ml/min (CKD-EPI) 8.4%, microalbuminuria 9.6%, atrial fibrillation 5.5%, stroke 4.6%, and heart failure 2.9%. Conclusions. Although the population treated in primary care is relatively young, the high prevalence of risk factors, their poor control and the existence of previous cardiovascular disease will determine the impact on the prognosis of the cohort (AU)

[Baseline characteristics and clinical management of the first 3,000 patients enrolled in the IBERICAN study (Identification of the Spanish population at cardiovascular and renal risk)]. / Características basales y manejo clínico de los primeros 3.000 pacientes incluidos en el estudio IBERICAN (Identificación de la población española de riesgo cardiovascular y renal).

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular risk factors in Spain, as well as cardiovascular events, in Spanish adult population attended in primary care. METHODOLOGY: IBERICAN is a longitudinal, observational, multicenter study in which patients aged 18 to 85years attended in primary care health center in Spain are being included. The obtained cohort will be followed annually for at least 5years. The estimated final sample is 7,000 patients. The baseline characteristics of the second cut (n=3,042) are presented. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects included is 57.9±14.6 years, and 55.5% are women. 54.9% live in urban habitat, and 57.3% have primary education. 50.3% had dyslipidemia, 47.4% hypertension, 29.7% physical inactivity, 28.2% abdominal obesity and 19% diabetes mellitus. The degree of control of hypertension, dyslipidemia and type2 diabetes was 58.5%, 25.8% and 75.9%. 28.2% have criteria for metabolic syndrome. 15.6% of patients had previous cardiovascular disease. 7.8% have a history of coronary heart disease, a glomerular filtration rate <60ml/min (CKD-EPI) 8.4%, microalbuminuria 9.6%, atrial fibrillation 5.5%, stroke 4.6%, and heart failure 2.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Although the population treated in primary care is relatively young, the high prevalence of risk factors, their poor control and the existence of previous cardiovascular disease will determine the impact on the prognosis of the cohort.

Traslados interhospitalarios de pacientes a un área de unidad coronaria de un hospital de alta complejidad en red / Interhospital transfers of patients to a coronary unit area of a network high complexity hospital

Las condiciones en que se realizan los traslados interhospitalarios por vía terrestre de pacientes críticos impactan directamente en el pronóstico de los pacientes. El objetivo del estudio es conocer las condiciones generales de traslado de los pacientes con patología cardiovascular que ingresan a la unidad coronaria de nuestro hospital, en lo referido a programación del mismo, complejidad de los móviles, instrucción de los médicos encargados del traslado, complicaciones clínicas durante el traslado y estado clínico del paciente al ingreso.

Force plate targeting has no effect on spatiotemporal gait measures and their variability in young and healthy population.

Force plate targeting has been referenced as a confounding factor in gait research, but the literature is sparse. Asking participants to target force plates is a convenient strategy to increase the number of acceptable trials, but may inadvertently alter the motor control of gait and limit external validity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of visual targeting on spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic measures of gait and their variability. Young healthy participants were asked to traverse a walkway with three embedded hidden force plates. Starting from a participant-specific initial position and leading with the same foot each time, participants performed series of natural walking trials (no targeting and unaware of the hidden force plates), followed by targeting walking trials. For the targeting trials, participants were asked to step completely within the bounds of a tape outline (∼50cm×45cm), which coincided with the position of the last hidden force plate. The results demonstrated evidence of targeting during targeting trials; compared to natural walking trials, mean heel-target distance variability for targeting trials decreased progressively for the steps approaching the targeting step, reaching significance (p<0.05) for the target (41%), and post-target steps (39%). Despite visual targeting, no significant differences between targeting and natural trials were detected in spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic gait measures, or the variability of the measures. When the experimental set-up was tailored to the individual participant's gait variables (step/stride length), visual targeting of the force plates appeared to have no effect on the magnitude or variability of any gait measures.

La investigación como fuente de sostenibilidad del sistema sanitario en Atención Primaria / Research as a source of sustainability of the health system in primary care

No disponible

Postural control is altered in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

BACKGROUND: Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that can lead to increased axial and peripheral joint stiffness, impairing joint mobility. Impaired axial mobility due to vertebral ankylosis may result in changes in standing postural control. Little research has addressed changes in standing postural control in the ankylosing spondylitis population, nor how these issues might affect clinical understanding and treatment. METHODS: Sixteen ankylosing spondylitis patients, and 17 healthy controls participated. Each individual completed two 120-second quiet standing trials with eyes open and eyes closed, while standing upon two force platforms. Net center of pressure displacement and mean power frequency in the frontal and sagittal planes were calculated. A Spearman's rank correlation analysis was performed between net center of pressure measures and several clinical measures of disease activity. FINDINGS: Frontal plane net center of pressure displacement and frequency content, and sagittal plane net center of pressure displacement were significantly greater within the ankylosing spondylitis patient group. Ankylosing spondylitis patients demonstrated a significant increase in frontal plane net center of pressure displacement in the eyes-closed condition. Net center of pressure displacement and frequency were significantly correlated to the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, and individual components of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index. INTERPRETATION: Quiet standing postural control was altered particularly so in the frontal plane in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, which may be associated with increased fall risk. Posturographic measures of postural control may serve as valuable clinical tools for the monitoring of disease progression and disease status in ankylosing spondylitis.

Blood pressure and urinary excretion of electrolytes in Spanish schoolchildren.

Despite the importance of hypertension in adults, its effects on child health are poorly understood. This cross-sectional epidemiological study was designed to look for a relationship between elevated blood pressure (BP) in children and 24-h urinary excretion of sodium (Na) and potassium (K), and between BP and dietary salt intake. The study population was all 59 856 schoolchildren aged 6 to 14 years in the province of Almería in southern Spain, among whom 613 participants were chosen randomly for study. We measured 24-h urinary Na and K concentrations, systolic and diastolic BP, body weight and height. There was a weak correlation between Na excretion and systolic BP (r = 0.18, 95% confidence interval 0.10-0.26), and between K excretion and systolic BP (r = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.04-0.20). Body weight was the variable that best correlated with systolic (r = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.43-0.55) and diastolic BP, and with Na excretion (r = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.42-0.55). Multiple regression analysis also showed that body weight was the variable that best correlated with systolic BP (b = 0.58), although the variables in the equation explained little of the total variability in BP (26%). These correlations were significant at P < 0.05. In conclusion urinary electrolytes correlated poorly with BP in a sample of Spanish schoolchildren. Body weight was the only variable that showed a weak relationship with BP and Na excretion.

Modelo de vigilancia de lesiones por armas de fuego en 59 municipios de Colombia: informe de avance / Surveillance model to firegun injuries in 59 Colombian cities: advance report

Durante el periodo de 1989-1995 los Años de Vida Saludable Perdidos (AVISA) fueron causados por homicidios. Este número de AVISAS por homicidios en Colombia es único en el ámbito mundial con proporciones que oscilan entre el 18 y el 27 por ciento del total de años de vida perdidos para el periodo estudiado. Esta proporción es del 3.3 por ciento en Latinoamérica y del 1.4 por ciento en el resto del mundo. Durante el período comprendido entre 1987 y 1994 la tasa de homicidios aumentó de 36 a 127 por cien mil habitantes una de las mas altas tasas de homicidio en el mundo. La mayoría de los homicidios, el 84 por ciento ocurren con arma de fuego. Estas juegan un papel importante en la comisión de otros delitos. La lesión intencional con arma de fuego tiene una letalidad del 78/100. De cada 100 personas lesionadas por armas de fuego, fallecen 78 y 39 de cada 100 suicidios se cometen con arma de fuego. Con el fin de enfrentar esta situación, la Presidencia de la República expidió una directiva facultando a los alcaldes de 59 municipios de Colombia para controlar el porte de armas. Los municipios se seleccionaron con base en el número de casos de homicidios ocurridos con armas de fuego durante los años de 1997 y 1998. La OPS en ejercicio de su misión de orientar a los gobiernos en sus políticas y considerando la necesidad de evaluar el impacto de esta medida, ha propuesto el diseño de sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica de lesiones por armas de fuego...(TRUNCADO A 1500 K)